AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Essay Example

AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Paper asyndeton omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. It is a list of terms. Example: On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame. polysyndeton The use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause. Example: The read and studied and wrote and drilled. chiasmus Reverse parallelism The second part of a sentence is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Example: We live to die and die to live. zeugma Includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically correct linkage of two or more parts of speech. Example Pride opresseth humility; hatred love, cruelty compassion. antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure, creating a definite and systematic relationship between ideas. Example: To err is human, to forgive, divine. anaphora Is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and parallelism. Example: In books, I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace. parenthesis Consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence. Example: But in whatever respect anyone else is bold (I speak in foolishness), I am must as bold myself. apostrophe Interrupts the discussion or discourse and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Example: O books, who alone are liberal and free, who give to all who ask of you and enfranchise all who serve you faithfull! appositive A noun or noun subsitute placed next to another noun to be described or defined by appositive. Example: Henry Jameson, the boss of the operation, always wore a red baseball cap. juxtaposition To place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast anastrophe Inversion of the natural or usual word order utopia ideal or perfect society dystopia a society characterized by poverty, squalor, or oppression paradox A set of seemingly contradictory elements which nevertheless reflects an underlying truth. Example: Come, Lady, die to live Shakespeare rhetorical questions A question that does not expect an explicit answer. sensory details (imagery) Using the five senses to describe something aphorism A short statement that conveys a general truth. Example: absolute power corrupts absolutely oxymoron An image of contradictory terms Example: Bittersweet, pretty ugly, giant economy size Synecdoche A figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole Example: All hands on deck allusion A reference contained in a work. Metonymy A figure of speech in a representative term is used for a larger idea. Example: The pen is mightier than the sword metaphor A comparison of two unlike things. Example: eye of ice syllogism Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All black dogs are mammals. Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded. euphemism a substitution for an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, using instead an agreeable or less offensive expression, or to make it less troublesome for the speaker Example: Death: kick the bucket fall asleep hyperbole exaggeration simile Comparison of two unlike things using like or as personification The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts Diction Authors words/vocabulary Syntax Grammatical structure of prose and poetry Colloquialism A phrase that is common in everyday, unconstrained conversation THEME the lesson that the author wants you to learn Alliteration first consonant is repeated red room sable clad shape standing erect low and livid Consonance last consonant of the word is repeated wet lawn and storm beat scrubs black clock Assonance vowel is repeated black pillar sable clad shape standing solitary rocks and promontories Style Analysis Analyzing the individual words an author is using, especially the denotation and connotation of the words Analyze break down into parts, and rearrange them in order to create/discover new meaning. Denotation dictionary meaning of a word Connotation emotional meaning of a word conceit an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem ballad form of verse, often a narrative set to music ode A kind of poem devoted to the praise of a person, animal, or thing.An ode is usually written in an elevated style and often expressesdeep feeling. An example is Ode on a Grecian Urn, by John Keats. villanelle a verse form of French origin consisting of 19 lines arranged in five tercets and a quatrain. The first and third lines of the first tercet recur alternately at the end of each subsequent tercet and both together at the end of the quatrain free verse verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern elegy a mournful or plaintive poem or song, esp a lament for the dead slant rhyme rhyme in which either the vowels or the consonants of stressed syllables are identical, as in eyes, light; years, yours. masculine rhyme a rhyme of but a single stressed syllable, as in disdain, complain. internal rhyme a rhyme created by two or more words in the same line of verse. exact rhyme Near-exact repetitions of end-sounds sestina a poem of six six-line stanzas and a three-line envoy, originally without rhyme, in which each stanza repeats the end words of the lines of the first stanza, but in different order, the envoy using the six words again, three in the middle of the lines and three at the end. sonnet a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite scheme feminine rhyme a rhyme either of two syllables of which the second is unstressed (double rhyme), as in motion, notion, or of three syllables of which the second and third are unstressed (triple rhyme), as in fortunate, importunate. anachronism something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially a thing or person that belongs to an earlier time: The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare. carpe diem Latin . seize the day; enjoy the present, as opposed to placing all hope in the future. 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Needles, Knives, and Bones essays

Needles, Knives, and Bones essays There are many different types of medical care in the world. Two types are traditional medicine and chiropractic care which is also known as western medicine. These two types of medical care differ in a great number of aspects and yet share many similarities at the same time. Chiropractic care and traditional medical care resemble each other in many ways. One is that they both recommend to their patients the use of painkillers or anti-inflammatories to help with soreness. In addition, when patients go to either of the doctors, an initial exam is performed where their medical history and current physical condition are studied. This initial exam is performed at the first visit to either of the doctors offices. After the doctors diagnoses the patients, they will then recommend that the patients do an exercise-oriented rehabilitation. Ice and heat are also recommended by both types of doctors in addition to an exercise-oriented rehabilitation. Along with treating problems the same, doctors of chiropractic and traditional medical doctors also both use x-rays and MRIs to help find the cause of the aches or illnesses. Both chiropractors and medical doctors are covered by patients insurance, and they both need to follow strict regulations about patient privacy, which are called HIPAA regulations. With many of the similarities between doctors of chiropractic and doctors of medicine having been stated, the numerous differences between the two types of medical care will now be looked at. One of which is that while both doctors will recommend that their patients use anti-inflammatories and painkillers to help ease their pain, medical doctors use prescription medications such as cortisone, celecoxib, and rofecoxib, and chiropractors use over-the-counter medications such as Aleve, Tylenol, and Ibuprofen. Chiropractors are also known to suggest natural supplement to be taken by their patients. For example, Gluco...

A case of Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A case of Company Law - Essay Example n Telecomms Plc, a public company limited by shares on the potential legal consequences of an anticipated complaint against its subsidiary company Mobilestoyou Limited, for loss of health and property by one of the customers of the subsidiary, under the provisions of Company Law. The Company was formed with 30,000 fully paid ordinary shares of â‚ ¤ 1 each subscribed by Peter, Paul and Mary While Peter and Mary pays the value of the shares by cash, Paul pays the cost of his shares by transferring the ownership of his 10 year old car to the company. The legal position with reference to the issue of initial shares is as under: The Act does not specify any minimum capital for the private companies. In the case of Newtown the company was formed with the authorized capital of â‚ ¤30,000 which is in violation of the provisions of the company law. The company should increase the authorized capital by passing an ordinary resolution (unless the articles of association require a special or extraordinary resolution). A copy of the resolution - and notice of the increase on Form 123 - must reach Registrar of Companies within 15 days of being passed. Hence the allotment of shares to Paul against the value of his cars does not pose a problem. However the company should file a form 88(2) showing the extent to which the shares are to be treated as paid-up. The form should also specify a brief description of the non-cash payment for which the shares were allotted usually the sole shareholder) the companies acts began to recognise that treating each company in a group as separate was misleading. Over time a number of provisions were introduced to recognise this fact. Facts of the case: Until 1979, Cape, an English company, mined and marketed asbestos. Its worldwide marketing subsidiary was another English company, named Capasco. It also had a US marketing subsidiary incorporated in Illinois, named NAAC. In 1974, some 462 people sued Cape, Capasco, NAAC and others in Texas, for

International communication and negotiation Term Paper

International communication and negotiation - Term Paper Example for negotiations through taking into consideration the kind of differences, which happen across these two different cultures, as well as pointing out likely pitfalls of lack of awareness to cultural factors. This two groups fall under Monochronic timers. The opt for prompt stars and ends to a meeting, they value breaks and deal with one item at a time (Weldon and Jehn 388). They depend on specific, exclusive and open communication and prefer to talk in sequence. Their main difference comes with the focus on the future, present or past. Americans tend to focus more on the present and near-future, but Indonesians strictly negotiate on long-term future goals (Adler 98). Also, there is space orientations when it comes to comparing the American and Indonesian culture. This has to do with territory, comfortable personal distance, division between public and private, comfort with physical touch and eye contact, as well as expectation concerning how and where contact will take place (Adler 98). It is an American etiquette that when you meet someone, do not stand too close to them as they deem it annoying to the other individual, thus maintain your physical distance. In Indonesia, women are alwa ys seeing holding hands with other women as they talk , but not men (Adler 102). Also, when it comes to eye contact, maintaining eye contact with an American is considered as sign of courage and assurance, but when it comes to Indonesians, looking down while talking to someone is considered as a sign of respect (Lederach 65). Furthermore, wondering your eyes from the person you are negotiating with in American is deemed as a sign of embarrassment or disagreement. American negotiators are more inclined to depend on personal values, imagining self, as well as others, as independent, autonomous and self-reliant (Graham 19). This does not imply that they do not consider consulting, but the likelihood to perceive self as separate instead of a member of a network or web means that more

Safety training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety training - Essay Example Although Pro's Choice conducted safety and health training program for its employees using videos, posters, and pamphlets, safety and health practices may not have been seriously implemented by both management and employees. It may also be that the training methods chosen were not suited for those being trained, thereby little learning was achieved and implementation of supposedly learned practices failed. Another reason would be that the working environment at Pro's Choice has also not been provided as free from hazards as evidenced by the OSHA citations and fine for a serious infraction. This is indicative of Pro's Choice lack of commitment to safety and health for its employees, which may be the reason why supervisor safety warnings are joked about as a band-aid procedure. Firstly, management commitment to occupational safety and health should be established, especially since there are government laws that companies have to comply with. Moreover, the lack of management commitment will eventually be costly for the company as it may result in additional medical costs for injured employees, government sanctions for violations and infractions, and deterioration of company image as a good place to work.

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour Much of human behaviour is viewed as a process, which begins with early childhood experience, and develops into later life emotions, values, beliefs, and behaviours. Todays children possibly have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than previous generations, which follows that children are vocal about what they want their parents to buy (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore young children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing. This is not only because of the influence they have on their parents spending, but also because they are going to be adult consumers of the future. Therefore marketers should recognise the childrens increasing influence in purchase decisions. This paper will explore the extent to which family shopping behaviour is influenced by children and what role do they play in decision-making process. Internal and external influences which affect what, when and how family members buy things and what role they play within the family will also be discussed. Additionally, it will examine the lessons for marketing practice. Finally, these concepts and critically analysed and evidenced data will be explored throughout the essay and brought towards the conclusion. Family decision making is a type of consumer decision-making that involves several individuals as potential decision makers and influencers (Norgaard et.al. 2007). According to McNeal (1992), children have long been recognised as an influencing market and at the same time future market, and parents started paying more attention to their children and their opinions. These changes in family communication have made it possible for children to exert influence on family decision-making. Consequently, family structures have changed which noticeably influences family decision-making. Flurry (2007) who has written a number of credible articles about childrens influence in purchase decisions and is specialised in marketing, argues that childrens influence varies by number of variables, including type of product, decision-making stages, parental attitudes as well as characteristics of the child and the family unit. In general, children may have significant influence in product decisions for wh ich they will be the primary consumers. For instance, it has been found that children have substantial impact on decisions such as breakfast cereals, snack foods, toys, children clothes and school supplies (Evans et.al. 2006). However, even though they are primary consumers of these products and are considered to have significant influencing power, it usually depends on the age of the child. In contrast, in Thomsons et.al. (2007) study children have been found to have less influence on decisions for products that are more expensive and used by the whole family (for instance TV). Earlier attempts (in marketing) to understand the role of children was made by Berey and Pollay (1968), the research was done when they were university students, however, the project was reviewed by educated professors during most phases of the project, which gives the paper more credibility. Berey and Pollay (1968) state, that a mothers purchase behaviour is independent of number of variables, such as a childs age, the number of children in the family, mothers employment status and the number of trips to the shopping centre. Furthermore, authors argue that mothers who are more child-centred have a greater tendency to purchase products following their view of what is right and healthy. On the other hand, a mother who is less child-centred may be more likely to purchase the brands that the child prefers in order to keep the child happy (Berey and Pollay, 1968). According to Norgaard et.al. (2007), one of the areas where children have gained strong influence is food choice. Since food plays a central role in family life and routines, parents want to ensure that their children eat healthy food, but at the same time also what they like. Moreover, it has been found that food choices are less healthy in families with more influential children. According to Mintel (2002), baby boomers as a generation have tended to spoil their offspring, making them more receptive to childrens reasonable demands and making pester power an even more effective weapon in the marketing. Pester Power, a term used to define a childs influence over a parent in the buying process (Mintel, 2002). It has been found, that younger children tend to make more pestering requests than the older siblings. Children may try to persuade or dominate parents by using emotive appeals, crying, pouting or other non-verbal techniques to gain influence over the decision outcome (Lee and Collins, 2000). Thus when parents exert less control over child-rearing, children are more likely to suggest or request items for their own consumption and to participate in the search for and decision to purchase these items. Moreover, Ward and Wackman (1972) found that childrens purchase influence attempts may decrease with age, depending on the type of product, however, mothers yielding to requests increases with age. This might be because of the increased competence of older children in making judgments about purchase decisions. Later study by Beatty and Talpade (1994) suggested that personal resources of the child, usage of the product and childs product knowledge determined the degree of influence. For instance, children are considered to be more acknowledgeable than their parents in areas such as sports a nd beverages, or computer games. Furthermore, Commuri and Gentry (2000) whose research on the topic is supported by a great number of sources, argue that the role of the child in family decision making depends partly upon whom one asks and how many members in the household there are. Following from the earlier studies, Flurry (2007) examined further the extent to which parents may be more inclined to consider the input of older children when making family purchase decisions. Moreover families with fewer children, where there is less competition for resources, enable a child for more freedom in selecting their own products. Flurrys (2007) study concluded that the childs birth order may also be related to a childs participation in decision-making with first-born children exerting greater purchase decision influence. However, the respondents in the research were children aged 9-11 with their mothers; therefore Flurrys research results may not be generalizable for all children, for inst ance under 9 years old. Palan and Wilkes (1997) have provided one of the first comprehensive identification and categorization of influence strategies used by children to influence the outcome of family purchasing decisions. The strategies include: bargaining, persuasion, emotional, legitimate, request, expert and directive strategy. However, there are age-related changes in adolescent thinking and transitions in decision-making competence during youth. Furthermore, Wimalasiris (2004) study undertaken with families from broad diversity of socio-economic statuses revealed, that children may be perceived as influencers or even nagging influencers and sometimes have the power in persuading their parents in fulfilling their needs. For instance, children can use tactics such as upward appeal, pressure tactics, ingratiating tactics, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals and consultative tactics. Children slowly acknowledge the power and authority of their parents and they learn through experience or trial an d error that certain tactics may persuade their parents to fulfil with their requests. The use of the emotional strategies in order to gain influence is relatively common. However, the use of the various tactics changes as children get older. As children grow up they rely less on the pressure tactics employed by toddlers and become more clever in their appeals (Wimalasiri, 2004). Todays child-influenced sales volume can be credited to several factors, for instance, most families have fewer children, which increase the influence of each child. Secondly, working couples can afford to allow their children to make the choice, and finally, because of the constant exposure to media, children learn about products and services and are in position to convince their parents as what is good or bad (Wimalasiri, 2004). Children are consuming average of 5.5 hours a day using media such as television, print and computer (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore it can be said, that the market speed of technological change and educational development has left many children more knowledgeable than their parents. The perceived knowledge of the Internet by children in comparison to their parents may impact on the way children develop Internet consumer skills (Thomson and Laing, 2003). Consequently, children sometimes not only have greater input, but also their input is being shaped b y unmatched access to external socialisation agents. Consumer socialisation, the process by which an individual acquires the skills needed to function in the marketplace as a consumer (Solomon et.al, 2010) has also significant role in family shopping behaviour. Family is identified as the primary socialisation agent for children. According to Flurry (2007), todays trends show that parents are less child-centred, less controlling and investing less time with their children than their parents were. This change in socialisation means that children may have more control over their own marketplace decisions as well as the freedom to apply their preferences in purchase decision-making. It is also possible, that time pressured parents of today may also feel guilty about not spending enough time with their children and therefore allow them more influence. Moreover, children are raised in different types of families and learn different norms, roles and consumer skills which play a significant role on the way children participate in family decis ion-making process (Flurry, 2007). Therefore, the differences in childrens consumption behaviour may be shaped by various skills learned in different socio-economic backgrounds, parental child-education attitudes as well as parental communication styles (Page and Ridgway, 2001). However, it is important to mention that agents from the external environment such as mass media and peers may sometimes be outpacing the family. Lessons for marketing practice According to Caruana and Vassallo (2003), from the early 1990s children have progressively become focus of marketers since it became obvious that besides being customers in their own right, childrens influence on family purchasing was steadily increasing. Dotson and Hyatt (2005) state, that marketers already recognising children as an important group to study, because their attitudes regarding products and brands are still in their formative stages and their current experiences affect their future brand preferences and marketplace behaviour. However, the authors do not discuss in their paper the ethical issues associated with marketing to young people. Today it is widely accepted that retailers have ethical and commercial responsibilities to their stakeholders, for instance, dealing honestly with customers, suppliers, avoiding using manufacturing labour, or indulging in unsustainable environmental practices (Nicholls and Cullen, 2004). Clark (2002) stresses that when advertising the goods, either to children or adults, marketers need to take into consideration the rules created by Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), which points out that advertising should not exploit childrens credulity, loyalty, vulnerability, or lack of experience. According to Nicholls and Cullen (2004), advertising may even help children learn to be consumers and consequently has an important socialisation role to play in their development. However, in ethical context, children younger than 10 years old cannot always distinguish between television advertising and entertainment or factual programming. Therefore children may be vulnerable to improper manipulation by marketers. Newlands and Frith (1996) state that children do not understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old, therefore it is unethical to advertise to them before then. For instance, the TV advertising appears to be dominated by junk food that of confectionery, fast food and pre-sugared cereals (Turner, et.al. 2006). It seems that there are no adverts for fresh fruit or vegetables during the childrens programmes. This may have a negative influence on childrens understanding of what is good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. Children have a significant impact on the success of many businesses despite the fact that they spend little or no actual money. In terms of marketing perspective, it is important to consider the four of seven Ps. For instance, it is vital to keep in mind that the environment plays a key role in marketing and sales efforts. Suitable shop interior design can put consumers in the mood to buy. Regarding childrens shops, the merchandise should be easy to reach, shops should interact with children letting them to touch the toys or play with games and the use bright colours are key factors to success (Mintel, 2008a). Moreover, cool product packaging attracts childrens eye and marketers should be creative when using colours, interesting boxes, and shapes (Mintel, 2008a). When marketing to children, marketers need to be particularly safety-conscious. This refers to both the product and the manner in which the product is being advertised or promoted. Marketers need to understand that gender segmentation is an important variable used when marketing the products to girls and boys, however, media strategies used to reach them can be the same for both genders (Lee and Collins, 2000). For some products, marketers could even target children directly rather than through parents (even though parents are the ones who have the final veto on what is bought) with child oriented messages, logos and characters that highlight cool and fun image. However, Dotson and Hyatt (2005), who have done a number of observations on young peoples consumer behaviour, argue that the cool brand image appeal might not be effective with certain segments of the childrens market, for instance, those who are less independent in their marketplace. In terms of promotion, marketers could direct messages regarding decision making to family members who dominate particular stages of the decision process. For example, marketers could directly target mothers regarding chil dren clothing. Moreover, featuring cartoon or other characters from childrens television programmes to gain their endorsement for their products is a worthy tactic. Celebrity endorsement may be even more influential among children than adults and could also be used when advertising the products (Mintel, 2008). The use of age-appropriate language, current phrases, and being succinct is important when creating promotional messages in communication campaigns for children. Another trend observed by Dotson and Hyatt (2005) show that young people are more adaptive and open to new technologies than adults. Therefore this openness might mean that what marketers know today about marketing to children may relatively quick become out of date, because young people surf onto the next emerging idea or trend. Additionally, when observing childrens attitudes towards brands and their shopping behaviour, marketers should not only rely on traditional market research approaches, but also through observation, conversation and engagement. Finally, marketers who target children have three main objectives: to directly seek children as customers, to work directly on parents through childrens pester power and to imprint the younger generation with positive brand associations. To conclude, it can be said, that children are found to play an important role throughout the purchase process. Knowledge and information may facilitate and enhance the adoption of various influence behaviours. Family consumer behaviour is a complex area compared to individual decision making which may be that the relationships among members of the family are relatively complicated to sort out into meaningful constructs. Children may have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents buying decisions through pester power and they are adult consumers of the future. Families have also become more democratic and childrens views are taken more into consideration. According to the literature reviewed in this essay it can be said that children have a right to some control over purchases that involve them, however, that exercising this right can result in confrontation and pestering of parents (specifics of this disruption may depend on the product category). The degree of a childs influence on family decision making process varies with the childs age, social class and education. Additionally, parents response towards their childrens initiation varies between cultures; therefore markete rs should take these facts into consideration when designing and implementing sales promotion and advertising strategies. Effective marketing of products requires knowledge of how products are purchased and what sources of influence individual family members apply to the decision process. Marketers need to examine the relative influence of family members at each stage of the decision-making process (possibly for each products category). Understanding choice and influence process (of children) may provide marketers with the opportunity to shape brand choice and childrens behaviour as future consumers.

Vengeance of the Gods :: essays research papers

What is an epic? An epic is an extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and is written in a high style. The Odyssey, by Homer, is definitely one of the greatest classic epics known to man. This tale contains numerous epic elements such as in media res or â€Å"in the middle of things† to grab the reader’s attention and make the reader keep reading to get the full story. Throughout the story, Homer included the epic element of divine intervention where the gods play a role in the outcome of actions of mortals. The theme of hospitality to strangers is also present in this celebrated epic. The Odyssey is worthy of being an epic because of these three conventions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer uses the epic element in media res to pull the reader in by starting in the middle of the story. The reader is then filled in by flashbacks or the main character re-telling his tale. By using this convention, Homer keeps the reader curious and interested and makes the reader keep reading until he or she finishes understanding the whole plot. In The Odyssey, the reader does not know half of Odysseus’ journey until he enlightens Alkinoos and Arà ªte as to what events took place before he was washed ashore on Kalypso’s Island. The reader always expects for the story to go directly to Odysseus, but instead the story follows the gods. Homer used in media res to show respect to the gods by starting the story â€Å"In the bright hall of Zeus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I. 42). The author depicts conservation between Zeus and Athena about the fate of Odysseus to show that the gods always come first even before the main character. Homer uses the curiosity of the r eader to his advantage by starting out Odysseus’ long journey home in media res.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divine intervention is another major component of this epic. At the beginning, Homer placed the role of the gods to determine the fate of Odysseus. â€Å"With this Athena left him/ as a bird rustles upward, off and gone. / But as she went she put new spirit in him, / a new dream of his father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I. 368-371). Without the involvement of the grey-eyed goddess Athena, Telemakhos would never have gain the courage to journey out into the world to find the fate of his father. Throughout the epic, Athena appears on earth disguised as everything from a little girl to Odysseus’s old friend Mentor to spin Odysseus’s long journey home.

Computer programming Essay

1. What common programming language statement, in your opinion, is most detrimental to readability and why do you think that? The go to statement in my opinion can be the most detrimental to program readability, because it makes it difficult to keep track of where the program has been and will go during debugging. Extensive use of go to statements make it difficult to impossible to keep the program code in a top down format. 2. How does the distinguishing between upper- and lowercase in identifiers affect the three criteria? The affect to readability can be positive when it is used in conjunction with a cohesive programming technique. The use of upper case letters to help certain types of identifiers stand out in the code can be highly beneficial. The affect on writability will be positive because the readability of a program helps to improve the writability. The affect on reliability will also be positive because the more readable, and writable a language then there is a positive affect on the reliability. 3. How do type declaration statements for simple variables affect the readability of a language? Having type declarations that are easy to understand are very important to the readability of a programming language. When the type declarations are cryptic or easily confused it degrades the readability because it is not as easy to identify the variable type or distinguish between them. 4. Write an evaluation of Java and of C++, using the criteria described in this chapter. Please be thorough and provide a reason/justification for your evaluation. C++ Readability: C++ is not an overall simple language which complicates its readability. It does however have very good control structures and data type structures which can help the readability. But in general it can be difficult to read. Writability: C++ allows for high levels of data abstraction, and expressivity’s in the language allowing the programmer to create a myriad of structures to solve different programming problems making it very writable. Reliability: C++ has extensive exception handling and type checking capabilities, which lead to a more reliable language. Java Readability: Java because it is a functional programming language, which is structured completely differently than all other common programming languages. All of the computations in Java are carried out by applying functions to arguments. Java does not have the assignment statements or variables common in other languages. Alone this causes enough of a problem with the readability of Java, but the syntax for Java is doubly ambiguous because the same exact syntax is used for both data and function calls. Writability: Java has a high amount of expressivity’s with the use of functions, but the difficulties that can be encountered in readability will affect the writability of the language. Reliability: Java does not have the extensive exception handling of C++. 5. Evaluate both Java and C++ with respect to the ultimate total cost (as discussed in Chapter 1 of the Sebesta text). Again, please be thorough and provide a reason/justification for your evaluation. The total cost of C++ is acceptable. C++ is a very complex language that for a programmer to learn completely can take well over a year, but a programmer can learn enough to make powerful programs in a relatively short time. The style constructs of C++ help to improve it’s maintainability over time which is a major component to the cost of software development. The total cost of Java is potentially more than that of C++. The functional programming environment is sufficiently different from all other imperative languages that training for programmers to learn and become proficient in Java can take longer. Also the syntax similarities with data will make maintenance costs for Java programs to be higher because of their poor readability. Readability. Requiring the declaration of variables forces the programmer to document his/her expectations regarding variable names, data types, and scope (the region of the program where the variable will be applicable). Thus, the program becomes much more readable to the programmer and to others. Writability. Requiring the declaration of variables may actually decrease writability in its most direct sense, since a programmer cannot simply use variables as needed, but must write declarations in their appropriate places to avoid error messages. This increased burden on the programmer can increase programming time. On the other hand, without declarations there can be no local variables, and the use of local variables can increase writability by allowing the programmer to reuse names without worrying about non-local references. Forcing the programmer to plan the use of variables may also improve writability over the long run. Efficiency. As we saw, readability and writability can be viewed as efficiency issues from the point of view of maintenance and software engineering, so the comments about those issues also apply here in that sense. The use of declarations may also permit more efficient implementation of the program. Without declarations, if no assumptions are made about the size of variables, less efficient access mechanisms using pointers must be used. Also, the programmer can use declarations to specify the exact size of variable needed (such as short int or long int). Restricting scope by using local variables can also save memory space by allowing the automatic deallocation of variables. Note, however, that Fortran is a very efficient language in terms of execution speed, so it is not always true that requiring declarations must improve execution speed. Also, speed of translation may actually be decreased by the use of declarations, since more information must be kept in tables to keep track of the declarations. (It is not true, as Fortran and BASIC attest, that without declarations a translator must be multi-pass.) Security. Requiring declarations enhances the translator’s ability to track the use of variables and report errors. A clear example of this appears in the difference between ANSI C and old-style Unix C. Early C did not require that parameters to functions be declared with function prototypes. (While not exactly variable declarations, parameter declarations are closely related and can be viewed as essentially the same concept.) This meant that a C compiler could not guarantee that a function was called with the appropriate number or types of parameters. Such errors only appeared as crashes or garbage values during program execution. The use of parameter declarations in ANSI C greatly improved the security of the C language. Expressiveness. Expressiveness may be reduced by requiring the declaration of variables, since they cannot then be used in arbitrary ways. Scheme, for example, while requiring declarations, does not require that data types be given, so that a single variable can be used to store data of any data type. This increases expressiveness at the cost of efficiency and security.

Age and memory essays

Age and memory essays It is a common stereotype that memory significantly gets worse as a person becomes older. There is now evidence that shows that these negative stereotypes may actually be negatively affecting the memory of older people who believe this to be true. Older adults who have more positive views on aging and memory have done better on memory performance tests than those who live in cultures where negative views on aging and memory surround them. A possible reason for this difference, is that when people convince themselves that aging effects memory, their effort and strategy use may be changed, which may ultimately effect their memory performance. In this journal, experimenters look at the effects of implicit priming and explicit priming of aging stereotypes. Implicit priming is activating certain associations in memory without conscious recollection, whereas explicit priming is activating associations in memory of facts and experiences. Both implicit and explicit priming were found to have an effect on older adults memory. This research article examines the relationship between age, culture, and memory performance. Researchers have found, overall, smaller age differences in groups of people who have more positive beliefs about aging. Ultimately, this finding illustrates the importance of aging stereotypes because of the influence they may have on memory. In the first experiment, young and old adults were either implicitly or explicitly primed with either positive or negative aging stereotypes, and then given a memory test after. This was done to test several things. First, they wanted to see if the effects of implicit stereotyping on memory performance are reliable with older adults. The researchers believed that this would be proved to be true, and that aging stereotypes would have a large impact on the memory of older adults, but very little on younger adults. Also, they wanted to test the extent to which awareness influenced t...

The Line-Item Veto essays

The Line-Item Veto essays The line item veto came into effect January 1st, 1997 after being passed in an overwhelmingly Republican House, and the Senate, (with many objections by Senator Robert Byrd). However, the republican bill did not live for long, although it took a very long time to pass it, it was struck down in 1998 by a Supreme Court ruling. Although it was declared unconstitutional, President Bush still asks for it to this day, and it is likely that many more Republican presidents will. The implications of the bill, and the reasons around its end, form an ongoing challenge between Republican and Democratic views of the presidential power of the veto. The basics around the Line Item Veto stand as thus; its short lived glory under the administration of Clinton was an effective aid to his policy, as he made use of it 82 times in the one year that it lasted. Also it was a powerful tool in ridding the policy of federal expenses that only existed on bills to attract interest groups. Of course this anger ed Democrats, and so they thought, if outlawed, then bills that were mostly liked by presidents would still pass with the little lobbying amendments. As the Line Item Veto did not last long, there is not much history or usages of it to be described, such as many other bills that created famous cases. However, it is a bill that has been desired by many past presidents, predominantly Republicans, and so it is likely that in them, the legacy and desire for the Line Item Veto will go on. In history every president since Abraham Lincoln has asked for the power of the line item veto. It has been coveted mostly by the big time Republicans such as Reagan and Bush Senior. Despite the constant requests from almost every president, it was not passed until 1997, making Clinton the first president to ever have the power already given to forty-three governors, the power of the line item veto. The conservatives placed the line item veto on the policy agenda in an atte...

Strategic Management (n) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management (n) - Essay Example al 2004). This dominant position was captured by Japanese manufacturers, in the later years of the 19th century, by providing more efficient and low cost cars using the ‘lean’ production systems. Over the years the car manufacturing has evolved a lot, with companies trying all means (including mergers and acquisitions) to reduce manufacturing costs and increasing efficiencies. The production bases of most manufacturers are shifting from developed economies to low cost Asian economies which are also providing them with huge customer base on account of their high economic growth. The 2009 financial crisis has further reduced demand in US and Europe. To save the industry, governments doled out huge packages and today they hold stakes in these firms. For example, US government holds 8% stake in Chrysler (sub5zero.com, 2010). This industry is greatly impacted by the government regulations. For example, there have been a number of emission norms set by the US government to address the environment concerns. Similarly the European countries have also been passing emission norms (Euro 1, 2 and so on) which the car manufacturers have to comply with. The emerging markets have also started passing such regulations. Besides these emission norms, governments also pass mileage per gallon laws and passenger safety laws. Car industry is highly sensitive to the economic scenario of a country or an individual. A car is seen more as a status symbol than as a requirement. Hence the consumers are likely to postpone their buying decision in case of financial crisis. A study by Frost & Sullivan (2010) shows that â€Å"in general recessions in this industry last for two to three years†. As per data trends (appendix fig. 1), the low demand resulting from the 2009 crisis will also follow similar trend. The study also shows that demand in key global markets has gone down by 14% on account of the crisis (appendix fig.4). The industry

DQ Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ Responses - Essay Example I perform critical thinking throughout this buying process. Eventually I found a computer that satisfied my needs and my budget constraint. Thinking outside the box involves generating ideas and finding solutions to problems in unusual places. For example a company that has done business domestically for 50 years, suddenly its manager thinks outside the box and introduces international expansion as a potential solution to achieve the desired sales growth. A person that thinks outside the box is open to possibilities others do not consider. A critical thinking technique that I utilized when making decisions is to put myself in the place of others and analyze what others would think of the decision. This technique helps me envision the different perspective that stakeholders would have and what the opinions of others might be regarding the different alternatives. A way to ensure that we have looked at a situation from every possible angle is to get more people involved in the thinking process. A group of six to eight people can be gathered to learn the opinions of others regarding the situation. A lot of minds will help a manager view different perspectives. A simple way to improve the decision making process is by allowing sufficient time before making a decision. A few years ago I worked in a start-up company that had a very cocky project manager. The PM was would get overly excited about insignificant issues. His overconfident hurt the company in the long run because he would make decisions that did not consider the effects the decision had on the employees and other stakeholders of the